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The revolution of 1904

Political gesture, epic feeling

The Uruguay entering the twentieth century

In the historical equation of our country have used three terms-prairie, border and port, which, corresponding to geographical areas, meant three modes of economic and social views. But, at the dawn of the last century, the field finally lost his own social political weight against the growing influence of the port city. In turn, the border, both in the Argentine side as in Brazil, was increasing its role as the state boundary line, while it was losing its status as the country and liaison link with the neighboring areas of the vast prairie sud Atlantic and La Plata.

- In addition, each step that has been called “path of progress’ was approaching the country increasingly dependent on imperial hubs.

The reduction of the meadow to the status of mere economic space within the agricultural export market in the port city, and its subordination to political patterns, economic and cultural driven by urbanization did not occur suddenly, and the “path of progress’ is not imposed uneventful, tension and a dramatic social cost.

The prospect of the “keeper”

For the rural upper class, that they considered the process that allowed him to grab the land, and then consolidate the legal domain over it, the civil war was synonymous with calamity: consumption of cattle, horse ownership, destruction of fences and shortages arms, and an obstacle to the changes that helped to develop their farms.

Similar proposed was made by those linked to high commerce, fearful of the consequences of the costs that would bring the revolution to the state.

Both wanted order, whereas an excess intolerable that the dispute over individual liberties, to vote, press, and administrative honesty or partnership could lead to armed confrontation.

In this regard, Carlos Real de Azua concludes that by 1870 in Uruguay was a society with a stable ruling class regularly and being in the top of a mobile but perceptible stratification, accepting the unequal distribution of political, economic and social development. Politicians preferred to leave “work in peace and settle their disputes by agreement or vote, without revolutions.

A Colorado rancher built in the exponent of the conservative position stated: “For my part I prefer anything rather than a revolution, if to me, red as I am, I should say: we need to hand over power to the National Party to avoid a new civil war and you can do that, say, because the National Party take power a and ten times and there is no war. ”

The vision of the dispossessed.

The rural Uruguay occupational offered no alternative to the mass displaced by the fence. The close-up, natural stage in the development of rural capitalism, brought about the evacuation of much of the peasant labor. Occurred between 1875 and 1890, had an unintended consequence: it created a mass ready to theft of cattle, first, since the civil war later.

Frederick E. Balparda describes the consequences of the enclosure of the fields: “Every room that represents about 10, 15 or 20 individuals or families who are in misery, no other horizon than an uncertain life, degraded by the servility of that has to beg to live and love in his heart to encourage hatred towards those fences, because of their terrible state, would like to see destroyed and hope only encourage the smiling prospect of a revolution that allowed the destruction of all of them.

The political framework

The continuity of the Colorado Party in the government of the Republic allowed the formation and consolidation of a highly stable cast professional politician ‘ruling political elite that is renewed very little. ”

Continuity in the offices-that is, security-career, reinforced by the expectation of certain retirement or pension that served as support in old age, enjoy autonomy allowed the political elite, both on the majority poor rich minority.

April 1903. Return Nico Perez.

Those who served the government, lived government.

The partnership and politics “agreements” allowed some whites from entering the political citadel red to share with them, as “opposition to the government,” the head of the State. But very few politicians were white professionals, a small minority in the overall political cast overwhelmingly red-and also in their own ranks.

After 1865, the men of the National Party were virtually excluded from elected office and public employment, civil and military, who could only access the Reds.

The National Party was related to all social classes and their leaders. Marginalized professional political activity, with few exceptions, must earn their living in direct economic activity. In contrast, the Colorado Party had made from both the conservative and classes of the poor majority, through the living and the government: it “lay at the core of professional politicians.”

Voters and candidates

The “Colorados exclusive ‘first, the” influence guideline “after, together with the small size of the electorate, the lack of confidence in the vote, the large number of foreigners and management of general budget expenditures, were pillars to allow to move mono party in power, allowing the formation of a core of professional politicians.

The Constitution of 1830, ‘theoretical framework and arbitrary ”

Zum Felde stated in the historical process of Uruguay, “Revolutions are enacted, by implication, the Constitution” (p. 125).

He adds: “The 1830 Constitution has a vital importance, its political mistakes govern many phenomena in the history of the Republic would have been much different had it not been that factor. It is not only a political factor but also a social factor. ”

«(…) The 1830 Constitution imposed on the country a theoretical legal framework and arbitrary, as if it were an association of men who had just started, no history, no customs, no trends, nothing exists. “(Id., p. 118)

Bauza, in Constitutional Studies, argues that the constitution of 1830 theoretical and abstract is not for the rural masses but for a minority of urban people.

A La cart where Saravia was transported to Brazilian territory.

Alberdi, meanwhile, in their bases, said of the first Constitution was “difficult and embarrassing to buy and prodigal citizens to dispose of.”

Zum Felde comes armed uprisings explain this: “The Revolutions in Uruguay are for nearly a century the only way the opposition parties were to gain power. The vote was a legal farce, because the Constitution delivery into the hands of the executive branch powers and the elements so that he could impose their candidates, not only by the armed outrage, but by coercion, fraud, venality. ”

An environment conducive to war

Changes in rural areas in the late nineteenth century found that the need for labor was much lower than the wages of the peons a lowering and a large staff was fired. In this situation adds that neither agriculture nor industry had developed to provide work for displaced persons or persons employed at higher wages.

In rural areas, the epicenter of pre-revolutionary events, most people had no home and led a nomadic life, the revolution was seen as “armed strike in protest of the unfortunate politics that exploits to its advantage. Better than winning eight pesos per month, was launched on an adventure that lasted a few months and earn more and eat better. ”

And so the big ranchers, who need peace, had the war. Economy and society, in constant interaction, produced a world of adjustment.

The ‘policy arrangements’ and the representation of minorities

Pacts of 1872 and 1897 enabled the nationalists agree to departmental political leadership, ensuring some representation in the legislative chambers.

The formula of “sharing” meant an important first step in solving the problem of minority representation. The partnership, of territory, which almost split the country in two, was determined by the inability of either party to defeat the enemy definitively. I was also assured by the ability to retain the insurrectionary opposition party.

However, this principle of sharing power was not enough to satisfy the National Party, which was seen half the country and increasingly bear less of gross impurities of voting and elections typed by the government. His constant claims were purified civic records, guarantees suffrage, fair elections, proportional representation.

The National Party was confident of achieving the government peacefully if these conditions were met. But, to impose on a governing party unwilling to jeopardize its dominance of the state, chose to resort to arms.

The choice of J. Batlle y Ordóñez

Since February 1901, preaching from his diary Batlle Day is well defined: “The policy of contemplation with the White Party is over. The acts of deference to the party can not be repeated when it is received no more than unjustified aggression. The consequence of the triumph of this principle is the reconquest of the departments, the cessation of the abnormal state, which from day to day, despite the tolerance and complacency of the Colorado Party, has been getting worse and divide the Republic into two different fractions, almost two different countries, one white and one red. ”

Eduardo Acevedo Díaz had voted to lift the presidency of J. Batlle y Ordóñez. So, just come to the presidency, Batlle y Ordóñez parliamentary group wanted to reward the Acevedo Diaz with two of the six Headquarters that the Covenant of the Cross (September 18, 1897) managed for the National Party.

“This man is against me and very soon will be against our party.” Prophetic words Saravia, Acevedo Diaz talking about the political head of Cerro Largo. Forecast successful. Acevedo met his match and gave him their vote and their friends, the power Batlle, ignoring the leader. And the National Party expelled the group of Acevedo Díaz their party ranks because he felt it violated the Covenant by decreasing their area and power politics. Thus, the March 16, 1903, Aparicio Saravia took up arms. The National Party was unwilling to continue to accept their continued marginalization of the government. However, newly installed, the government did not want a confrontation. Mediators and A. Ramirez J.R Lamas sealed on March 22, 1903 agreement Nico Perez.

According to this, the headquarters of five departments would be provided by the Executive Board in consultation with the National Party. The San Jose will be provided with a target, but without intervention of the party. The agreement would apply only during the presidency of José Batlle y Ordóñez.

Also seems to have been a verbal agreement whereby the government promised not to send military forces to the regional departments.

Whites considered the settlement of 1903 as an extension of 1897 in its entirety, but this time equipped with a fixed term, 1907. But the Pact Nico Perez apparently only guaranteed a stable peace. In fact, enabled a truce during which both sides were armed and prepared for a showdown inevitable.

Construction of the floating bridge over the Black River at Paso Mazangano. The Carmelo Cabrera led the surveyor and carried out in a week.

The government prepares for war

During the year 1903 Batlle weapon, the army reorganization law, acquires substantial war material strengthens the defensive power of the government was weakened against the power of whites and therefore at their mercy.

The government prepared an army of 30,000 men with modern weapons that had been buying consistently. To deprive of financial resources to the possible lifting of the party opponent since May bank branches in the Republic, in the white department, had to send their funds to Montevideo.

But the government had not only money for the purchase of new military equipment, but also other resources such as the railroad and the telegraph.

To offset these benefits, the rise white rails and telegraph lines cut: not by enemies of “progress”, but to weaken the government’s technical supremacy.

The revolutionary army

The revolutionaries gathered 15,000 men, poorly armed, with shipments reaching them from the border provinces of Argentina and Brazil.

They were men who came to the party called on the currency, driven by the thrill of “serve.” Mass was ready to enroll in any episode that interrupted their misery. Political activity offered within the parties. To these came through the emotional element of a caudillo membership and adherence to a currency, which drew crowds.

“Only a people Artigas walked with their backs like you, general,” he said Carlos Aparicio Roxio to the May 16, 1904.

The pobrerío agreed to the revolution which made possible the hated fences were cut and burn their posts and, finally, the humblest could their fill of meat. Misery pobrerío predisposed to violence, and the currency gave it the push to get in the range of political revolution and had a sentimental justification, almost ethical.

Aparicio Saravia went on to say:

“We, with walking, we win.”

And the surprised German diplomatic representative in Montevideo reported to his superiors: “With regard to the civil war in Uruguay is heard saying, is ‘a matter of horses,’” which underscored the importance of these animals for the revolutionary movement.

“The armed uprising, civic coat of despair”

Aparicio Saravia and Colonel Abel Sierra, across the floating bridge. Photo taken on July 12, 1904 after the victory of Tupambaé.

Dr. Luis A. Herrera re flexed and explaining the revolution of 1904 in this way, in a note dated in Buenos Aires on May 4, 1904 (see From Washington, pp. 453 ss):

“Any spark could cause a fire, because Mr. Batlle y Ordóñez was ready for war, and as he repeated his body daily in the press, the period of the weaknesses with ‘barbarians’ not be reopened.”

“The notorious fact, obvious, indisputable, is that for a whopping forty years, the Colorado party holds the reins of power in the hands. There, in the republican social monstrosity, I put the true source of all our agitations, looking at things in a spirit of calm and above currencies. ”

“It is offensive to the enlightened people stopping to test how long stay in command reporting a serious internal imbalance.”

“[National Party] has always preferred the use of law and reconciliation, but when the patriotic efforts have failed, the uprising has been the shield of civic despair.”

“When you want to brawl, it is easy to produce it, and mounted the mine, the issue of the regiments led to the catastrophe.”

The items of the conflagration were ready, and a minor issue and sparked absurd: a border incident with Brazilian troops and police was the political head of Rivera, Carmelo Cabrera (white) request help from the central government.

He sent two regiments to the national department, which was interpreted by the National Party as interference in violation of the Covenant of Nico Perez.

A general profile of

Aparicio Saravia was a great guerrilla leader. Lasted for eight months the duration of the war. On one occasion after another, topped with cunning government armies, more powerful than yours.

Calvez general portrays it this way: “The march is multiplied: These people do not shred their farms; encourages those who linger, watching the horses and their caregivers, indicating the path to be followed by the wagons and see how they are conducted, particularly in the footsteps of the rivers runs the crossing rivers and streams and see if they are well and the sick and wounded. In the camps, assisting with cleaning of the guns and bullets count, gives notes and letters and worries about the food and clothing for the troops. Not without conditions organizer and is also chief and leader of men, the father of her boys, and likes to call the soldiers. There is little military spirit, or strong sense of discipline and hierarchy … is actually a montonero, but a great montonero.

Policy during the war

Even if the conservatives asked for peace, Batlle held with the energy. The position and the measures adopted tended to radicalize “the positions and extend the war. He was determined to defeat the insurgency militarily to prevent the continuation of the duality of power between Montevideo and Cordoba.

Batlle said: “The legitimate government should not seek partnership with revolutionary politics, as the government dealt with the usurpers of another time” (…) “peace pacts broken by this war must be replaced by other agreements, other arrangements in which they are parties celebrants, not the government and the revolutionaries, but political parties together. “Accordingly, he took severe measures.

Confiscation of property of the nationalists. After the battle of Fray Marcos was agreed in a secret session of the House, the prohibition law, under which it authorized the Executive to freeze the assets of the supporters of the revolution. Batlle put hundreds of names on the ban list to prevent funds to reach you Saravia.

Criticizes the propaganda for peace. At the beginning of the war, Batlle established a strict censorship on newspapers, for that reason the newspaper ceased publication of the Board and, even, El Nacional, Acevedo Diaz.

The Colorado Party lawmakers in the vast majority were willing to vote for a negotiated peace. Batlle was attacked at its weakest legal: censorship propaganda in favor of peace.

Management to the United States. “The Minister of Uruguay in North America [Acevedo Diaz] was asked [02/08/1904] made known to the government of that country, we would be pleased that the presence of American ships and the influence they were inclined to engage in Silver , for countries to observe the proper neutrality “(…)” The U.S. presence could make the Argentina became less willing to allow Saravia reach new arms shipments. ” “On 19 August, the U.S. Consulate in Montevideo announced the imminent arrival of a naval squadron.”

The main battles

The military actions extending over the first ten months of 1904, and were as follows.

Mansavillagra (January 14) was the first partial government victory. Fray Marcos (30 January) was a triumph that put white Montevideo available to the rebel side, but as his intention was not to take the capital, Saravia retired to travel the campaign. Paso Park (March 2), another partial government victory. Tupambaé (June 20), the largest and bloodiest battle of the war, where they faced 15 000 nationalists (half unarmed) and 5,000 governmental armed with three guns and four machine guns. From both sides there were 300 casualties and over 1,000 were wounded.

Masoller occurred on September 1, 1904. It was the epilogue of a victorious revolution defeated ended, and has a sad and deep meaning of sacrifice and perpetual pain.

On the eve of Masoller, Aparicio had said: “We have a very good peace: with it we leave the orange in half. If we fight and win the war, our position will be the same because we are not absolutists, I think we should get even better conditions of peace, later. We even have the past by Brazil, to go out without a fight …». Rivera

All historians agree that Masoller was, at the same time, a great battle won by Aparicio Saravia.

According to Jose Monegal, “had not been injured there, perhaps, have done so much longed for peace, peace that had been offered two days before and that he, putting a space in its resolution, but left to when the army was settled on terms that would allow an advantageous peace sign, or give a decisive battle. “He continues:” It’s more than proven that the general Vazquez [governmental Army] initiated the withdrawal. ”

A bullet struck Aparicio Saravia

Permanently, concern was: “What will become of my country! What will become of my colleagues who have followed me! ”

In the days following the battle, seized by an intense fever hospital, she was clearly heard shouting wildly, the same cries of command, repeated endlessly, leading his squad invincible, “A load, boys! For the Motherland! ”

The sad news

The envoy arrived at the ranch. Still celebrating the peasants, with accordions and guitars adorned with white and blue ribbons. An elderly woman received the message and made his infamous proclamation:

“To stop the ball! Naiden That laugh! Let those who have tears to cry, because the country is crying, too! Pa Silence forever! He died the General! ”

He died on 10 September 1904 in Brazilian territory …

The disappearance of shredding the nationalist army chief and ended the revolution. In those anxious moments, a chief came to pronounce these terrible words: “This is an army Sarava. Fallen Saravia is impossible to maintain cohesiveness. ”

The indecision and indiscipline in the ranks rife white. Fallen leader, and panic and consternation produced in mass warfare. Not only has lost a battle, all is lost. Amid an awful silence the mouths do not open but for desperate imprecations, all eyes were clouded with tears.

Many could not believe that the general was no longer, and even 20 years later, there were whites who said of him as was said of Facundo: “No, he is not dead, come back.”

Peace and consequences of the revolution

After Masoller, the White Army submits. The National Party waives its unconstitutional positions. The government regained its full authority and partnership policy was abolished.

On 24 September 1904 peace was signed Aceguá, which ended the civil war, and was finally settled urban model in Uruguay.

The physical destruction caused by the revolution was very important, livestock and fences, also saw the dispersal of the workforce, a paralysis of the refining of the livestock, low price of hides and property, arrest of tasks first refrigerator and cancellation of bank credit for the field. But there were also institutional implications.

The consolidation of the unity of the state. Colorado’s win meant the end of the partnership policy in government departments, the consolidation of central power and political and administrative unification of the country. He finished the dichotomy Montevideo “The Cordoba. The consolidation of state power would become final and usufructuary the Colorado Party, thanks to his victory over the whites.

An exclusive party government.

The winner of the civil war and President, J. Batlle y Ordóñez, naturally picked up the leadership of his party.

According to their ideas, sharing with the National Party was left completely aside, “said to be erroneous theory of politics of partnership, according to which ministries should be formed, in part, with men of opinions and trends opposite to the executive branch, “he said.

The electoral reform. With the new electoral regulations of 1904, was increased from 69 to 75 the number of deputies and seven departments have a number divisible by 3 seats, allowing access by nationalists as a minority if they managed a third of the vote, fourth place, as required earlier.

In the elections of 1905, in Montevideo was found that the country’s political life was still in a few hands: there was a red MP 593 votes each, and a nationalist every 779. It fulfilled the purpose of reform, which was to increase the representation of the majority party and reduce the minority.

Praise the vote on the use of weapons

Successive electoral laws, immediate (1905.1907, 1910), and mediate the revolution that gradually were adopted, were legally enshrining proportional representation, up to the institutionalization of the agreement.

This will reach its peak in the 1952 Constitution, which established in arithmetic proportion (3 and 2) the distribution of political offices between the two major parties.

In this way, became a reality that general proclamation of Nico Perez, March 30, 1903:

“It is only with the spear and the rifle with which one wins, no other weapon, the ballot of civil registration records, you should not miss any citizen nationalist, because it will be so in peace we will obtain the complete victory”

Congratulations tu-espacio.com

On May 1, 2009 I first wrote tu-espacio.com

On his birthday, for reasons beyond my control and misunderstandings of human beings could not enter you and I could not congratulate my child as I usually call, but now and forever be with you all. Writing as usual. Telling the truth, no offense and without fear.

A year ago, many things. Some nice, some less pleasant and other annoying, but they all learned.

A year ago, came in and sabotaged tu-espacio.com, but we survived and made us safer.

A year ago I wrote with the fear that nobody would read this space, but I realized that people read what I write.

A year ago I was bored, not knowing what to do, but thanks to your “espacio.com my time was being occupied.

All this is thanks to you. Visitors. Faithful readers.

What has been your career tu-espacio.com this year?

I can not tell the real path for any reason I told them at first, but if I can tell the history of the past months.

In this capture is very clear the path.

Thank you all tu-espacio.com is in the position you are.

I really do not know how to thank you, only I can think of the typical … Thank you

I know these weeks and the remaining, I have very abandoned, but I have the time UruguayDirecto taken, is my baby, the youngest building and so I owe all my attention.

UruguayDirecto is a site for tourist information, like your brother-in protest espacio.com, culture and thoughts; she handles tourist information for Uruguay.

As you can see are two different styles.

Currently I am changing and 20 languages, does not give me time to write in both places.

I promise that I will do my best to write at least one daily post. Themes, tips and lessons on web pages.

At the start of the year, tu-espacio.com added some language in the Roman font format. I have no idea what it all means, but Google gives me this kind of translation for some languages and I am not ungrateful, so the Chinese, Greek, Russian and can read the letter in this format.

If translations are not entirely correct, you know that are translations of Google Translate.

I, for my former profession, Maître d’hotel, I can only write in four languages and evil. Many years ago I stopped practicing languages other than my own mother out.

Well I leave you with this progress!

Congratulations to all of you and tu-espacio.com

Where is freedom?

Yes where is freedom?
I got tired of looking so much misery to start smoking, as the true culprit of all evil and misfortunes of mankind.
They say they incorporate poisonous to snuff.
If true, the real culprits are the governments that allow them to make these additions.
What are they made?
To smoke. It is the same provided that that will gain more profits. Revenues governments have also.
Where are the global health institutions?
Sitting in fancy offices, fancy cars.

The hypocrisy reached such extremes that it is inconceivable. Those who think they are for health care are to gain more capital. But yes, his mouth full, say it is for the benefit of mankind.
Those who are to govern and look after the interests of citizens are looking out for their interest. But yes, his mouth full, say that we democratically elect.
In snuff packages are put pictures such as this:

But I’ve never seen pictures in cars, trucks, buses, etc..
The smoke trails from the exhaust is more harmful than the smoke snuff.
A whiff of the smoke, equivalent to seven packages of snuff.

The smoke from these vehicles kills within a half hour in a closed room. I have not seen anyone die so quickly snuff the smoke in the same circumstances.
Now tell me if it’s snuff or the provocative cancer is pollution.
If what causes these diseases is pollution … Why not say it and put remedies?
Very simple answer. It is because it gives far more revenue than the snuff.
So they have to create a scapegoat, so the war and discrimination to the smoker. We are seen as a global health hazard. When the same pollution, progress is killing us stealthily concealed by the guilt of snuff consumption.
There are fewer smokers. Why are the diseases?
Because we smoked a few.
We smokers are the ones who have caused global pollution, which have caused climate change with our smoke.
Enough!
Let us stop being hypocrites, liars and count once and for all the truth of the disease, both lungs, and carcinogenic.
Do not continue to blame the smoking of all evil and do more to purify the polluted air.
Do not say we have no means!
The means to purify the air have, but as you are too expensive.
Is there anything more expensive than the death of billions of human beings?
Worst of all is that we deceive ourselves and deceive them self-convincing that climate change is an invention of environmentalists.
Allow smoking, but snuff pure, without additives for more addicts. Do not make war on smoking.
They do not realize that the smoker smokes nerves, stress, anxiety or a host of reasons.
It is as necessary as the car for many people.
Make that the contamination is greatly reduced and you will realize that diseases are also reduced.
It will look at the benefit of the majority, rather than the benefit of a minority capitalist!
That carefree capitalist minority global health, disease and misfortunes of the poor. That minority that governs us and we still cheated by the votes.
From this site smoke propose, but not to use the media pollutants.
Why do not ruin the big oil, not consuming the fuel or its derivatives?
Buy electric cars, electric utility, we’ll see what happens.
The pity is that it will be too late.
The predicted cycle and our many ancestors.
I know it has nothing to do with snuff, but in a new post will talk about the month of December 2012.
Now I leave you with a good snuff, by the fire and a glass of good wine.
Those who can, stroked his girlfriend and spend a pleasant evening.

Backpack

First a great introduction to the topic and epilogue my thoughts on it today.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ETYMOLOGY. According Coromines comes backpack “errand boy” for being a characteristic garment of the same. It comes from the Basque mutil or motile (short motxil) “Boy,” “servant.” In turn comes from the Latin MUTILUS, “maimed,” “mop” the habit of fleecing the Raptors. We face a near Basque etymon: mutil or motile, from a remote etymon mutilus. Currently designated as the advanced Spanish language dictionary of Vox “bag or cloth bag are subject to strong back hunters and hikers.” We observe a sense contiguity (metonymy), as the “errand boy” is changed to designate “knapsack”, producing an association of “pars pro toto”, in which the term backpack goes to appoint a person who does errands to designate the property of the same garment.

Corominas, Joan and PASCUAL, José A.: Critical Dictionary etymological Castilian and Hispanic. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1980-1991.

The backpack is a baggage which may be in the back by two bands that pass through the shoulders. The person wearing a backpack is usually called backpacking.

It is usually prefer to use bags instead of backpacks to carry heavy loads over long periods of time because the shoulders bear the weight better hands. The larger bags unloaded most of the weight belt around the hips, leaving the bands that pass through the shoulder only to stabilize the load. This can carry heavy loads because the hips are even stronger than the shoulders and improve agility and balance because the burden lies near the center of mass of the body. Plus it allows you to download the backbone of burden that may be damaged.

The backpack has its origins in prehistory, when the man needed to transport their belongings in the back. Over time this article has evolved with the need to carry more and heavier objects. Wars have been major drivers of its development, both in design and materials.

At present there are various models of backpacks, as the specific goal: climbing, hiking, travel, military, and carriers, to name a few.

There are also calls hydration backpacks, which are made especially for carrying inside a water tank. These in turn have a hose that passes over the shoulder, so, who carries the backpack can easily hydrated.

Classification and characteristics

If classified by their ability, can be divided into three groups:

Up to 40 liters: These are used for activities of a day or attack.

From 40 to 65 liters: Its most common use is for activities in which at least is going to spend a night out, as it is necessary to take the sack, bivy, stove, etc.

More than 65 liters: This type of backpack is the most hated worldwide, and almost never goes empty, and often extremely heavy. Use-it to activities of several days or for porting.

Construction materials

Sanity, a derivative of the polyamide, the material used today for the construction of rucksacks, and is endowed with an excellent weight and resistance to abrasion and tear. The recommended thicknesses ranging from 500 to 1000 deniers.

Using a coated finish, or induced resin, polyurethane, water resistance is achieved backpacks, but the seams will always be the preferred pathways of water to make inroads in clothing, bag and other things that we carry inside. Some knew lightweight backpacks medium or large capacity used fabrics such as Kevlar, fiberglass, high resistance to abrasion, for its construction.

School Backpacks

Currently, the backpacks have replaced the seats in the carriage of books by children. Backpacks are used to carry both school textbooks and notebooks like the rest of school supplies: boxes, pencils, markers, etc. They also serve to carry lunch and other items such as coats, gym clothes, sports, etc.

The backpacks are considered a better option than the portfolios since the weight more evenly distributed in the back of the child. We recommend having two symmetrical adjustable straps depending on the height of the child. Both strips as part of the backpack rests on the back should be padded to avoid damaging the wearer’s body. The backpack should always be a few inches above the waist of the child. Also, be on and off thereby avoiding awkward postures that may cause muscle injuries. The problems currently faced by children are caused by poor placement of the backpacks, and the excessive weight requires schools to transport each day.

Pediatrician Dr. Rafael Calderon Castro

Backpack and back injuries in schoolchildren

A backpack can be a great help to the school, but has to adapt properly to avoid damage for life, warn health care professionals.

If it is too heavy or used improperly, the backpack can damage muscles and joints and cause severe back pain, “said in a press release from the University of Sciences in Philadelphia. The backpack-related injuries resulting in visits 7.300 to emergency rooms in 2006, according to the Committee on Safety of Consumer Products USA. UU.

Epilogue to a nobody like me.

I am of the generation that played with balls and old cloth school bag in hand (a single book to study.)

From the time that parents wanted the best for their children.

Today, not only harms the health of children in fashion, but also care about the work before their children.

We give all we ask … Why comfort, so leave us alone after work?

A child does not know has no experience, does things by instinct. Therefore we can not demand that the backpack properly place all the time.

The requirement is for parents not to buy school bag. Parents who want their children to have diseases in the back will buy backpacks with wheels or other useful school bus.

The child’s bones are forming, like his whole body. At this stage of growth, whole body, we have to protect and prevent wasted effort.

Care for or educate habits positions, both lying down, as sitting or simply walking.

To educate them that way, we first have to be vigilant and have the knowledge necessary to teach our children.

The correct position of sitting: Forming a 90 ° angle between the thighs and back, the same angle between the thighs and legs and “Do not cross your legs when sitting.”

The position when we’re lying watching TV:

Looking at the ceiling: The legs will place so that the feet support you fully with the sole of the foot and that position will force us to put your knees about 35 degrees or so. Will place a soft cushion in the lumbar to the curved part of our back to seat completely.

Side: The fetal position is most comfortable.

Walking: One of the councils of teachers of models was walking with books on their heads.

But we will not create models, we will educate walk and therefore the correct way to walk is to exchange hands with each step we take.

Let me explain: Right hand, left foot and left hand turn, right foot.

The step is not required, nor will be longer than necessary.

Will place it back as vertical as we can and will head online to it.

When we put a weight on the back, we tend to arch forward, it can cause injury when we are in the process of physical training.

In prehistoric times the wheel was invented to transport aid.

Today, we have wheels of all sizes, colors and materials. Put them in all kinds of transportation tools, including backpacks.

Care about your children avoiding unnecessary injury.

Facundo Ponce de León English
The Uruguayan Facundo Ponce de Leon, who since 2006 left our country to advance a doctorate of philosophy, trapped by friendship and the shocking life of a leading artist in the world, and since last year working on theater. Daniele Finzi Pasca, a clown hiperfamoso and awarded in Europe was also the subject of a book dedicated Ponce, creator and director of a play at the prestigious Cirque du Soleil. Passing through Uruguay spoke with TV news to tell his experience.
I was in Uruguay in July last year to visit, because in reality I left Uruguay in 2006 to do a doctorate and went to ‘Lives’. Daniele Finzi Pasca A’ve known him since 1993, when he was in Montevideo as part of an International Theatre. It is a Swiss artist, I made friends with him when I was 15, and began a friendship that lasts until today. Then I met his wife, his brother, and the whole team Sunil theater, “said Ponce de Leon.
“I wrote a book about Daniele, which was released here. From that Daniele invited me and my wife, Chiqui Barbé, to work on this new project. She on the makeup and set design, and I on the part of assistance of management, “he added.
“We work in a show called ‘Donka, a letter to Chekhov’, which is an invitation from Daniele Chekhov Festival in Moscow, to inaugurate the festival in its 2010 edition, which is very important because it met 150 years of Chekhov’s birth, “he said the Uruguayan.
Who is Daniele Finzi Pasca?
“It’s a clown, director, choreographer, Swiss, who is well known, but jumped in 2005 was important because creator and director of the show” Corteo “by Cirque du Solei. After that he made the closing ceremony of the Torino Olympics, and was later named “Swiss of the Year ‘at shows. It’s an award in Switzerland is very important.
To locate:
Roger Federer won in sports and performing arts earned him “he replied.
“My first job with him was to write a book about his life. The book was printed in Montevideo in July, and sold in Montevideo and Madrid for now. I am in Uruguay because it is printed in French and sold in Montreal, Canada France. Switzerland has not, because he speaks Italian, and for that we need to translate it into Italian is one of the things that have to do, “he said.
Facundo Ponce recalled that Daniele wrote a play for the Cirque du Soleil, which is called “Corteo,” which premiered in 2005 and currently is taking place in Japan, but he wrote, directed, and then followed with their projects. Cirque du Soleil has a functioning system, which few people know that each show is that creating a team to do it all again. It hires someone to write it, direct it, to make music and artists are hired. But after all that equipment is dissolved in some way, and people are going to do other things. ”
“Daniele Finzi Pasca was director of Cirque du Soleil in 2005 and later worked for other companies, wrote a screenplay for himself, and made this work for the Chekhov festival, a theater production Sunil of Switzerland, next to Chekhov Festival, and two more production, “he said.
“It was a global project with high-cost budgets, with people everywhere, very famous, because all the artists involved are well known, and if you wonder what would be missing the Uruguay to do things like this, not so much money. People think at first that it is thousands of dollars, but not so well. It is about dreaming high, which is always the engine speed goes a long way. It is not therefore have the material conditions but the ability to project, to know design, and excited about these productions, instead of panicking, “he said Ponce.
“THE AUTHORITY IS THE WAY”
- Have you had experience in theater directing assistance?
“I’ve never done, so in that sense he was a first experience. And I took it as a challenge, confident that the enthusiasm would be the key driver for things to turn out well, and luckily it was so. One of the interesting things is that we were three Uruguayans who worked on the project, which is not very commonly found in world production of this type. World production is now going to turn the world will be in Italy, France, United States, Israel, Brazil … we see that it can come to Uruguay, I hope so.
- And how did you feel at work?
“Well, at first a little scared, like it was all new. Attendance management is a position where you you have to be trying to optimize the time of the whole team. There were eight artists on stage and a production team of 12 people who were there, we were about 25 people every day, all day working for the creation of a show.
- From now change your career, how you follow?
“I’m focused on finishing the dissertation, I am writing to Uruguay, I linked to the Catholic University where I teach, and every time I come across the country step by the University, I meet with colleagues … but in 2010 still linked to the show, or rather my wife who serves as the projector manager “Donka.
- But this experience was an isolated or still?
“The work was done, the show premiered. Now begins a tour and does not need more than the entire creative team. This means that the tour runs only. In 2010 I’m related to Daniele Finzi, Sunil still linked to the theater, but with a much smaller number of hours, say, following a bit the operation of the company, but mostly devoted to finishing my thesis.
- What I caught of the life of Daniele to get to write a book?
“I’m doing a doctorate in philosophy, and trying to investigate a concept that is the concept of authority, what does the authority?, What authority?, If you have to do with the command, with obedience, with the power . And the whole thesis research I am doing is that it has very little to do with it. Unlike what is commonly thought, authority is the meaning, not imposition, the authority does not oblige you, makes you you behave in certain ways without having to use force, coercion, violence, fear. Usually there are a lot of confusion about this term, and what I’m studying is the history of the twentieth century in the Middle Ages and antiquity.
- But how to tie this with Daniele?
“But often the question is how the authority has to do with the meaning?, How to make sense of things?, For that would be found more in the field of art. And within this field of art, the field of clowning is apparently particular, because the clown seems to be the fool, the fool, who arrives and stumbles, ties shoes and bad falls, but perhaps in all this nonsense is enclosing all meaning. If we look at “Modern Times” by Charles Chaplin, and all sense of modernity, what was the industrial revolution, what are the big factories. All through the humor by a guy who is making a nonsense Factory contains the whole meaning of what is going say. Or when we see “The Great Dictator” Chaplin also. The thing is hooked on trying to link the concept of authority that I am studying the experience of the clowns. And within clown, having a friendship as direct and as powerful as a clown Daniele, were united both.

Meeting with Sunil Theatre Uruguayan Switzerland
 
The Teatro Solis Teatro Sunil and proposed a meeting with the three Uruguayan collaborators Daniele Finzi Pasca, director of the Swiss group on several occasions presented their shows in our country, including the most memorable is “(expensive.” Next Tuesday 2 March at 19 am in Conference Room and Solis Theater Events will take place this gathering called “Uruguayans on the birthday of Dr. Chekhov: Donka dismantling work.”
 
Hugo Gargiulo, Cristina Barbé and Facundo Ponce de Leon, are the three Uruguayans called by Daniele Finzi Pasca to work closely with the process of creation and production of his recent work called “Donka. In the said meeting, they offer to share details of the process of creation and production of this show written and directed by Finzi Pasca, who opened the Chekhov Festival in Moscow, on 29 January.
Hugo Gargiulo, a member of Theatre
 
Sunil, took on this project, set design and scenic objects.
Cristina Barbé and Facundo Ponce de León was specially invited to collaborate in the production of “Donka” and were responsible, respectively, makeup design and collaboration in the creation of scenic objects, and research and management assistance.
The invitation is to all the artistic community and the general public. Admission is free.

Shanghai International Circuit

Uruguay Live juicer time
Direct Uruguay have all my time.
There are 20 languages which consists and little time to write in this space.
Do not know Uruguay Live?
Located in http://uruguaydirecto.com

I talk about Uruguay.
The history of Uruguay, I am creating.
I know it will slowly, but the end result will be good and instructive.
Want to know more about what I’m doing?
Good.
Uruguay Direct will provide you with the following topics:
Lodging, museums, opera, theaters, cinemas, public transport and individual emergency hospitals, telephone code, festivals, holidays, advice before and during the instance in Uruguay and much more.
Want to be part?
If what you want is to have your advertising, this site is ideal.
Site located on the first pages of Google.
Chance to reach more people worldwide.
uruguaydirecto@uruguaydirecto.com reports
Uruguay Live aims to reach everyone, to make this land and attract visitors.
First step is virtual.
I believe that human beings need to know before venturing. Live shows why Uruguay Uruguay as it is.
All information needed to attract travelers from the time before planning their vacation time to booking hotels and vacation packages.
For interested and have no contact with companies in the field of tourism, this site offers.
Last step the physical.
As I said before, Uruguay Direct aims to offer vacation packages.
It is not a travel agency.
Tourism companies need to adhere to this project.
Think of it as the first page that has 20 languages.
The languages are strategically studied. Languages are regular people travel.
The Germans are great lovers of travel and very good tourists, like the Chinese, Albanian, Japanese and other countries to translate.
Uruguay Live will also give guidelines for investment ventures.
Explain how it can legally invest in Uruguay.
Uruguay is a country that because of its low cost is competitive.
Uruguay’s location is ideal for all bridge between South America.
Uruguay is an untapped business and offers great benefits for investment.
Uruguay is peace, ecological balance, ocean, rivers and ecotourism.
Uruguay is the garden of Eden.

The security of our money 2
After the reception of the first part of the safety of our money, I have to say that I have analyzed a second bank.
BBVA has only 1 error, 1 warning (s)
In a party that has no importance.
What does this mean?
“The issue of security is better than the previous bank analyzed?
Maybe yes, maybe not.
As I said, I’m not black hacker, I’m just a webmaster is analyzing web page code, not the entry code to the accounts, much less how to enter illegally.
But, as I wanted to convey in the previous post, if the simplest thing is wrong, how you can do something more complicated right?
Glad to see that apparently are working on the website of Banco Popular Spanish …
80 Errors, 42 warning (s) of an overnight 2 errors have been reduced.
I am also pleased to see that the number of visits has tripled.
Thank you very much for reading this space.
By the way!
I have not been able to incorporate languages: Chinese, Russian and Thai because of illegibility of the characters of these languages to the service support of WordPress. But if you really want to read my pages in all languages, please enter the write http://tu-espacio.com  http://google.com  translator and will be translated into language.
Are we on the advice of today?
When in doubt of how your machine is not going as the day before, the mouse pointer moves so unusual or at least feel something that is not working properly …
What do we do?
Let’s go to the official website of AVG
AVG Uruguay: http://www.avg-uruguay.com/?gclid=CMOSkaqz9aACFciA5QodM3NOxA  
AVG United States of America: http://free.avg.com 
Download the free AVG or free.
From experience I have of this virus, is the only detects and removes rootkits.
My system has Avast and AVG free, apart from other security systems such as a firewall router with built-in updater and an internal firewall such as ZoneAlarm Free … My machine is protected at least for now.
To avoid losing data … Get your partitions and if you can have two hard drives.
One for the OS and the other for data.
The data, make partitions with respect to importance.
This is not to guarantee the absolute security of your data, but whether they can ensure that no important data lost and irreplaceable.
As you see I’m practical, not technical words I speak to you and show them the easiest way of doing things. If you have questions or I can help … The Messenger to the left is for us to be communicated.
Until the next bank!
I’ll keep you informed.

East The Gaucho

The substantial reproduction of cattle, inserted in the north of Black River by the Jesuits and south of it by Hernandarias, changed the face of the Eastern Band, until that time in its history, it was only a freedom rinconada fiercely defended by its indigenous inhabitants. This principle was missing the presence of the horse, gaucho inseparable complement. Perhaps the conquerors wanted to prevent the Indians might use this invaluable means of mobility at that time. Moreover, when the horse in those days was extremely useful, almost indispensable warlike actions.
The abundance of cattle scattered over the fields east, will awaken the greed of traders and pirates who organized in gangs, they shall benefit from the industry hides. Is this the moment that will make its appearance the first gaucho, who mounted his horse volley, binds and butchers wild animals. I do not know if that first tape gaucho was an Indian Mission or came from neighboring towns: Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, etc. I just think that those tough and courageous men who came to run around these plains, were the forerunners and teachers of those who, in the course of time, after founded Colonia and Montevideo and add to the farms and ranches of the campaign, will be presented to form a fruitful future with their work and turn, with his fearlessness, a dawn when redeeming revolution.
Those, the first to appear on stage in the chronicles relating to the origins gauchos in Uruguay, were “Christians” that “in the words of a commissioner of the Cabildo of Buenos Aires on a mission to the Banda Oriental in the preliminary days the foundation of Montevideo, joined the Indians to live “without God, without law and without a King” …
The others were the founders of rooms and people, those who worked in the rural tasks, which formed the first elements of progress and greatness of the land they loved to delirium.
For many, the gauchos represent only the romantic figures of the wandering, how soon are thugs and smugglers abandoned without work habits and no rules save. It is true that in difficult days for the campaign, has increased some types of criminals, which left their traces to sow anarchy, looting farms, killing those who dared to confront them, taking women and children, abusing the peons and slaves. All this in the most distress for working people. There was a time when banditry became so great that not only the planters abandoned their possessions to settle in Montevideo, but also laborers left their jobs to devote themselves to the restless life of thugs which left them better returns without brake obligations.
Appears in those days a figure who is the prototype of the gaucho constructive. It was rancher and as such, he faced the work and sacrifices imposed by the rural life, facing the constant risk that the campaign was under the constant threat of assaults and robberies. It was cattle hauler. And in that profession drover, ran a new life of adventure and self-denial. This occupation enjoyed certain privileges in the state that gave them to the livestock carriers, empowering them license to attack and seize the cattle that were driving the bandits and smugglers. These generally were Portuguese who secretly entered this territory to do business. That gaucho what I mean, taken as a figure in the rural conglomerate will go to meet the low-life individuals and will pursue them even in their own lairs. The prestige that will be enjoyed by their courage and determination, while the attraction of his personality on his countrymen, he pointed to the preference of the collective sense. And increase their profile, when in office of Captain of Blandengues, restores calm and peace to his fellow farm workers.
Will occur, then, a miracle worthy of the great leaders of crowds.
The people of the Banda Oriental, the farms and villages, lived in the quiet of payments, without dealing with each other. You can almost say that were ignored or unknown. And yet, something making the narrow one. The name of that gaucho rancher, drover, softie … And in a wake of rebellions and impetuous bravery, was hailed freedom in the name of Artigas.
Thus, in all the greatness of his modesty, I have presented to the Gauchos, who are leaving their jobs sacrificed to join in heroic guerillas to meet the highest target assigned to them by Providence from Asencio, at a canter, lance in hand, to glory.